If...Else Statement in R Programming Language: Syntax and Examples

if…else statement

The syntax of if…else statement is:

if (test_expression) {
statement1
} else {
statement2
}

The else part is optional and is only evaluated if test_expression is FALSE.

It is important to note that else must be in the same line as the closing braces of the if statement.

Flowchart of if…else statement

Example of if…else statement

x <- -5
if(x > 0){
print("Non-negative number")
} else {
print("Negative number")
}

Output

[1] "Negative number"

The above conditional can also be written in a single line as follows.

if(x > 0) print("Non-negative number") else print("Negative number")

This feature of R allows us to write construct as shown below.

> x <- -5
> y <- if(x > 0) 5 else 6
> y
[1] 6

This ia a another example of ifelse

Program

<span class="pln">
 
ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">

toTest </span><span class="pun">&lt;-</span><span class="pln"> c</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> toTest </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">

ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> toTest </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> toTest</span><span class="pun">*</span><span class="lit">3</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Zero"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">

toTest</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">&lt;-</span><span class="pln"> NA
toTest
ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> toTest </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> toTest</span><span class="pun">*</span><span class="lit">3</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Zero"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">

</span>

Output

If you will run the above code it will produce following result

<span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> toTest </span><span class="pun">&lt;-</span><span class="pln"> c</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> toTest </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> toTest </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> toTest</span><span class="pun">*</span><span class="lit">3</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Zero"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"3"</span><span class="pln">    </span><span class="str">"3"</span><span class="pln">    </span><span class="str">"Zero"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"3"</span><span class="pln">    </span><span class="str">"Zero"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Zero"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"3"</span><span class="pln">   
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> toTest</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">&lt;-</span><span class="pln"> NA
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> toTest
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> NA  </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln"> toTest </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> toTest</span><span class="pun">*</span><span class="lit">3</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Zero"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"3"</span><span class="pln">    NA     </span><span class="str">"Zero"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"3"</span><span class="pln">    </span><span class="str">"Zero"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Zero"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"3"</span><span class="pln">
</span>

Another Example of ifelse

Program

<span class="pln">
a </span><span class="pun">&lt;-</span><span class="pln"> c</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
b </span><span class="pun">&lt;-</span><span class="pln"> c</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">

ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">a </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">&amp;</span><span class="pln"> b </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span>

Output

<span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> a </span><span class="pun">&lt;-</span><span class="pln"> c</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> b </span><span class="pun">&lt;-</span><span class="pln"> c</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="lit">2</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">0</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">&gt;</span><span class="pln"> ifelse</span><span class="pun">(</span><span class="pln">a </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="pun">&amp;</span><span class="pln"> b </span><span class="pun">==</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pun">,</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pun">)</span><span class="pln">
</span><span class="pun">[</span><span class="lit">1</span><span class="pun">]</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pln"> </span><span class="str">"No"</span><span class="pln">  </span><span class="str">"Yes"</span><span class="pln">
</span>