Nervous System - Quiz

The three main anatomical neural planes are sagittal, coronal, and horizontal. These planes are used in neuroscience to visualize and study the structure and function of the brain.
Option D is the correct answer because it accurately describes the three main anatomical neural planes. The sagittal plane divides the brain into left and right halves, the coronal plane divides the brain into front and back sections, and the horizontal plane divides the brain into top and bottom sections.
Option A is incorrect because the term "cerebral" does not accurately describe a neural plane. The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain and is involved in higher cognitive functions, but it is not a plane of anatomical reference.
Option B is incorrect because ventral and dorsal are terms that describe the location of structures in relation to the spinal cord. These terms are not used to describe anatomical planes.
Option C is incorrect because anterior and posterior are terms that describe the location of structures in relation to the front and back of the body. These terms are not used to describe anatomical planes.
In conclusion, the correct answer is option D, which accurately describes the three main anatomical neural planes. These planes are essential for visualizing and studying the structure and function of the brain.

During the fourth week after conception, the neural tube develops into three primary vesicles: the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. These primary vesicles will further divide and develop into different structures of the brain.
The prosencephalon will divide into the telencephalon and diencephalon, while the rhombencephalon will divide into the myelencephalon and metencephalon. The mesencephalon will not further divide, but will develop into the midbrain.
Option D is the correct answer because it accurately describes the three primary vesicles that develop in the neural tube during the fourth week after conception. The prosencephalon will eventually develop into the forebrain, the mesencephalon will become the midbrain, and the rhombencephalon will become the hindbrain.
Option A is incorrect because the myelencephalon and metencephalon are part of the rhombencephalon, which is one of the primary vesicles that develop from the neural tube. The telencephalon and diencephalon are part of the prosencephalon.
Option B is incorrect because the metencephalon is part of the rhombencephalon, not the prosencephalon.
Option C is incorrect because the cerebral cortex, limbic system and basal ganglia are structures that develop from the telencephalon, which is one of the secondary vesicles that form from the prosencephalon.
In conclusion, the correct answer is option D, which accurately describes the three primary vesicles that develop in the neural tube during the fourth week after conception. These vesicles will eventually develop into different structures of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

The telencephalon is one of the five major divisions of the brain and it refers to the cerebral hemispheres. These hemispheres make up the largest part of the brain and are responsible for a variety of functions, including sensory and motor processing, memory, emotion, and consciousness. The telencephalon is the most recently evolved part of the brain and is unique to mammals. It is divided into several lobes, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, each with its own specialized functions. Overall, the telencephalon plays a critical role in human behavior, cognition, and intelligence.

The junction that transmits impulses from one neuron to another is called a synapse. It is formed by the membranes of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons. Synapses are the gaps between two neurons where chemical or electrical signals are transmitted to communicate with each other.

Electrical synapses are rare in the nervous system and are found only in specific regions like cardiac and smooth muscle tissue. At electrical synapses, the pre- and post-synaptic membranes are in close proximity, and the transmission of signals is faster than chemical synapses. Electrical synapses allow the direct flow of ions and molecules from one neuron to another.

Chemical synapses are characterized by the slow transmission of impulse in one direction only. These synapses are commonly found in the neural system and involve the release of neurotransmitters. However, multidirectional impulse transmission is not a feature of chemical synapses.

The cranial meninges are the three layers of protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. The three layers of the cranial meninges are the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater. The dura mater is the outermost layer, followed by the arachnoid and then the innermost layer, pia mater. The corpus callosum is not a part of the cranial meninges. It is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allows for communication between them. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

At resting membrane potential, the axonal membrane of a neuron is nearly impermeable to sodium ions. However, the membrane is permeable to potassium ions. The resting membrane potential is the electrical potential difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the axonal membrane when the neuron is not transmitting any signals. This potential difference is maintained by the selective permeability of the axonal membrane to different ions, which is controlled by ion channels and ion pumps. The resting membrane potential is important for the normal functioning of neurons, and any disturbance in this potential can lead to neuronal disorders.

A nerve impulse is also known as an action potential. It is a brief electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron, and it is caused by a change in the membrane potential of the neuron. This change in membrane potential, which is known as depolarization, occurs when sodium ions rush into the cell, making the inside more positive. This depolarization then triggers the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels, allowing potassium ions to flow out of the cell, which returns the membrane potential to its resting state. The action potential travels down the axon to the synapse, where it triggers the release of neurotransmitters, which carry the signal to the next neuron or effector cell.

Neurotransmitters are specialized chemical compounds that are released by the presynaptic neuron in response to an action potential. These neurotransmitters then diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to specific receptors on the post-synaptic neuron or effector cell, leading to a change in its membrane potential and the transmission of a nerve impulse. There are many different types of neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, each of which has a unique role in modulating the activity of the nervous system. In contrast, synaptic knobs are the enlarged axon terminals that contain the vesicles of neurotransmitters, while Schwan cells are glial cells that form the myelin sheath around axons and Nissl's granules are clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum found in the cell bodies of neurons.