Answer: d) All of the above. In Jainism, karma is a spiritual force that creates bondages for the soul, the universal cause and effect law, and a material substance that can bind to the soul.
Explanation: According to Jainism, karma is a material substance (subtle matter) that can bind to the soul and affect the suffering and happiness experienced by the jiva in the lokas. Karma is believed to obscure and obstruct the innate nature and striving of the soul, as well as its spiritual potential in the next rebirth. The vibration of the soul draws karmic particles to it, which creates bondages and adds merit or demerit to the soul.
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